Professor Butler is an African-American pastoral theologian.  His primary research emphasis is on African-American identity formation.  He explores African indigenous religions; American slavocracy, religiosity and spirituality; Black and Womanist theologies, and Black psychology, health and healing.

“Pastoral care and counseling is one of the places within theological education where the preparation and practice of ministry are experienced as embodying processes. The clearer one is about one’s own being, the more effective one will be as a caregiver and counselor. My purpose and task, therefore, is to help seminarians develop a ministerial identity through the reconciliation of personhood and experience, and to minister to the whole being as I prepare persons for ministries of care and counseling.  If theological education does not engage the seminarian’s reformational and transformational needs, I fail to fulfill my calling to prepare persons for ministry in a world in need of the reforming and transforming power of God.”

Education:

B.A., Bucknell University, 1981
M.Div., Eastern Baptist Theological Seminary, 1986
Th.M., Princeton Theological Seminary, 1988
M.Phil., Ph.D., Drew University, 1992, 1994.

Writings:

Loving Home: Caring for African American Marriage and Family
Liberating our Dignity, Saving Our Souls
Listen, My Son: Wisdom to Help African American Fathers

Sample Courses:

Introduction to Pastoral Care
African American Religion, Theology, and Spirituality
Psychology of The Oppressed and Liberation Theologies

Professor Edgerton's research focuses on the work of interpretation, and how the experiences of interpretation –particularly in the processes of preaching and worship –shape our lives as individuals and communities.

Professor’s Teaching Philosophy:

“Preaching, teaching and caring for your people will always be at the heart of pastoral ministry. This is our most basic work, but it calls upon every gift a woman or man has been given: gifts of faith, understanding, character, imagination, art, discipline, passion, skill, and knowledge. Foundational questions must be asked over and over in the daily concrete circumstances of ministry:  How can we understand the story unfolding before us? What is the gospel? What are the acts and words that will proclaim it here? What am I called to do and set apart to do? How shall we live with hope here? How shall we love? This is hard, exciting, necessary, and deeply theological work, and it is the daily bread of ministry.”

Education:

B.A., Johns Hopkins University, 1970
M.Div., Ph. D., Chicago Theological Seminary, 1976, 1992.

Writings:

The Passion of Interpretation
Speak to Me That I May Speak: A Spirituality of Preaching
In Other Words: Incarnational Translation for Preaching, co-authored with New Testament scholar Charles Cosgrove

Sample Courses:

Baptism and Eucharist
Interpreting The Parables in Preaching and Teaching
Preaching Interpretation/Contextual Theology

A primary focus for Professor Gerdes is professional leadership, including serving on several boards of directors of religious organizations and library associations, several as an officer.  He offers annually a course in creating a personal spirituality.

“For me meaningful and transformative learning has come most often after an encounter with the thoughts and feelings contained in the pages of great writings of God-centered men and women throughout the ages.  Providing access for faculty, students, and alumni to such materials whether in print, or from multi-media, or on the computer screen, has been the goal of my job as a theological librarian.  But that is only a part, albeit the major one, of what I feel is my ministry.  Teaching spiritual journey workshops taken by students at both Chicago Theological seminary and at Meadville Lombard Theological School (the other half of my joint appointment) is also a part of my vocational task.  In the context of a progressive religious community that is CTS, I hope we are about changing the person within to a spirit, love, and knowledge filled minister to the world.”

Education:

B.A., University of Illinois (Urbana), 1965
S.T.B., Harvard University, 1968
M.A., Columbia University, 1971
A.M.L.S., University of Chicago, 1975
D.Min., University of St. Mary of the Lake, 1994.

Professor Haldeman focuses on the study of Protestant worship traditions in the United States.  He is particularly interested in the interpretation of contemporary practices in local congregations on Sunday morning in relation to issues of Christian ethics.

“Worship provides Christians with an opportunity to leave behind—for momentary and fragile periods—the structures of inequality and violence that pervade our lives and to imagine-even more, to experience-an alternative mode of being, a place and time where justice and peace are known—a foretaste of the reign of God. The fact that public prayer on most Sundays in most local Christian communities hardly resembles such an ideal may discourage many of us, but it does not negate the claim. The critical appraisal of the captivity of worship to modernist rationality and disempowering clericalism as well as its disengagement from the reality of daily life is required for effective ministry.  In addition, it is crucial for religious leaders to be competent in preparing and leading authentic, just and transformative worship.  Political organization, action, and protest will always be necessary if we desire to reform society, but we must pursue ritual action as well—where in an environment of beauty and abundance, in gathering with neighbors and strangers, in the encounter of the Holy, we know a joy that makes us dissatisfied with anything less in our every day lives.”

Education:

B.A., Oberlin College, 1986
M.Div., Ph.D., Union Theological Seminary (NYC), 1990, 1998.

Writings:

"American Racism and the Promise of Pentecost"
Towards Liturgies that Reconcile: Race and Ritual in the History of U.S. Protestant Worship among African Americans and European Americans

Sample Courses:

The Ministry of Sunday Morning
Ritual Studies
Seminar: Feminist Liturgical

Professor Hunt's research interests include biblical interpretation and engagement in the public square, historiography and the Bible, Second Temple Studies, critical theological reflection and theological education, and leadership education.  Her current project focuses on the Bible in relation to the U.S./Mexico immigration issue.

Reverend Hunt was ordained at the historic Fifteenth Avenue Baptist Church, National Baptist Convention, in Nashville, Tennessee.  She holds dual standing with the United Church of Christ in the Chicago Metropolitan Association.  Involved in the broader issues of religious affairs and theological education, Hunt has chaired the American Academy of Religion Committee on the Status of Women in the Profession and the Social-Scientific Studies of the Second Temple Period Section for the Society of Biblical Literature. She currently serves on the Board of Commissioners for the Association of Theological Schools and chairs the Historical Books section for the Society of Biblical Literature's international meeting.  She enjoys preaching and teaching in local congregations.

Education:

B.S., University of Montevallo, 1978
M.T.S., Vanderbilt University Divinity School, 1996
M.A., Ph.D., Vanderbilt University, 2001, 2003.

Writings:

Missing Priests: The Zadokites in Tradition and History
“In the Beginning - Again:  Historiography and the Second Temple Period: A Response”
Approaching Yehud:  New Approaches to the Study of the Persian Period
“Song of Songs,” introduction for The People’s Bible
“Bringing Dialogue from Cacophony:  Can Bakhtin Speak to Biblical Historiography?”
Perspectives in Religious Studies
“Hebrew Bible Historiography and Biblical Interpretation”
Methods of Biblical Interpretation

Sample Courses:

Introduction to Christian Scriptures
Dead Sea Scrolls and the Bible
Biblical Interpretation in Contemporary Contexts
Song of Songs
Archaeology, the Hebrew Bible, and Ancient Israel
Seminar on Ministry
Genesis and Preaching

Professor Jennings served as a local pastor and taught for three years at the Methodist Seminary in Mexico City. He has served in the past as a consultant with the United Methodist Church on issues related to commitment to the poor. He also helped initiate the gay and lesbian studies program at CTS and has traveled and lectured extensively in Latin America, Asia and Africa.

Jennings’ research interests include Christian doctrine, biblical theology, gay studies, contemporary late modern philosophy, especially that represented by Jacques Derrida and "deconstruction."  He also writes, particularly in Spanish, on Wesleyan theology.

“The Word of God must be released from the imprisoning forms that have made it serve the interests of the powerful and prosperous so that we may again hear good news for the poor, the despised, the oppressed, and the broken hearted. This work of the reformation of Christian teaching does not belong to ‘the experts,’ but to all who are grasped by the gospel and are called to co- responsibility within the community of faith. In the seminary we provide people with the tools for this task and a community of mutual accountability that respects our diversity and witnesses to our unity in the Spirit.”

Education:

A.B., Duke University, 1964
B.D., Ph.D., Emory University, 1967, 1971.

Writings:

Beyond Theism: A Grammar of God-Language
Good News to the Poor: John Wesley’s Evangelical Economics
Loyalty to God: The Apostles Creed in Life and Liturgy
The Insurrection of the Crucified: The ‘Gospel of Mark’ as Theological Manifesto
The Man Jesus Loved: Homoerotic Narratives from the New Testament
Santidad bìblica
Jacob’s Wound: Homoerotic Narrative in the Literature of Ancient Israel
Reading Derrida/Thinking Paul: On Justice
Transforming Atonement: A Political Theology of the Cross

Sample Courses:

Atonement: The Theology of The Cross
Eating and Drinking with Jesus: Theology of the Eucharist
Frontier Questions in Gay Ethics

Professor Mikva served as a congregational rabbi for thirteen years before returning to academia.  Her research and teaching focus on interpretation of the Hebrew Bible in various times and places, exploring how the ideas both shape and reflect the societies in which they unfold. She is especially interested in the intersections of exegesis, culture and ethics.

“The most profound truths are not simple ones, and they often live in dialectical tension with other truths.  Pursuit of justice is essential, but the equally compelling call to mercy sometimes (gently) pushes justice aside.  Freedom is a God-given right, but freedom without commitment and purpose leaves us rootless.  Peace is our perpetual desire, even as we sometimes decide we must fight.  We also live with the breathtaking and terrifying knowledge that religious passion is a catalyst for great good, but all too often is wielded as a weapon. “Much of rabbinic literature is devoted to exploring these tensions, trying to sketch the limits of our ideas so they don’t become dangerous absolutes.  There is a Divine standard, but it has always been mediated humanly.  The fact that the Hebrew Bible itself did not become Scripture before it had already begun to be multiply interpreted should help us see that it is the ongoing search for meaning that makes for a holy text.  We search together in community and help each other reach toward the Divine call. In this journey, there is religious inspiration and guidance. It marks a path to redemption.”

Education:

A.B. Stanford University, 1982
M.A., Rabbinic Ordination, Hebrew Union College-Jewish Institute of Religion, 1990
Ph.D. Jewish Theological Seminary, 2008.

Writngs:

Midrash vaYosha: A Medieval Midrash on the Song at the Sea
Editor: Broken Tablets: Restoring the Ten Commandments and Ourselves

Sample Courses:

Dangerous Religious Ideas in Judaism, Christianity and Islam
History of Jewish
Thought
Interpreting the Hebrew Bible II
Introduction to Interreligious Engagement Jewish and Christian Interpretations ofGenesis
Loss and Healing in the Bible and Rabbinic Literature
Sacred Storytelling: Story and Religious Imagination in Judaism, Christianity and Islam

Dr. Moore is a senior professor in the Center for Theology, Ethics, and the Human Sciences, an interdisciplinary institute for advanced study in the philosophical, theological, and ethical implications of the various human sciences.  He is also a Diplomate of the Alfred Adler Institute of Chicago, since 1983; and an Analyst at the C. G. Jung Institute of Chicago, since 1987.

“In my work as a Jungian psychoanalyst and spiritual theologian, my recent research has focused on the powerful, grandiose ‘God energies’ that burn fiercely in the heart of every human being.  Faced consciously in faith and with authentic respect, these energies reflect in us the numinous, creative and transformative power of the Divine Presence. But if the human ego engages in a pretentious ‘unknowing’ of the reality and significance of this Presence, existential idolatry and malignant narcissism result.  With this existential denial of the Divine Presence, a demonic alchemy occurs in which the sacred energies of

the soul are ‘hijacked’ and twisted into destructive powers that have a ‘hideous strength.’  This power of aggressive non-being manifests itself in addictions, ritual violence and war, political oppression, racism, sexism, classism, homophobia, and the ecological destruction of our planet.  It is my hope to aid my students in joining the ranks of those spiritual leaders who do not retreat into despair in the face of radical evil, but who have the faith, courage, and skills to confront it effectively.”

Education:

M. Th., Southern Methodist University, 1967
M. Th., Duke University, 1968
M.A., Ph.D., University of Chicago, 1970, 1975.

Writings:

The Archetype of Initiation: Sacred Space, Ritual Process, and Personal Transformation
Facing the Dragon: Confronting Personal and Spiritual Grandiosity

Sample Courses:

Psychopathology in Theological Perspective
Jungian Psychology and Contemporary Spirituality
Victor Turner on Ritual
Process
Paul Tillich on Theology, Ethics and Human Sciences

Professor Sandoval’s teaching interests focus on Second Temple Judaism as well as Bible and Ethics.

“For various Jewish and Christian communities of faith whose identities are fundamentally tied to their canonical books, an interaction with the biblical texts cannot be avoided. The moral universe of the Bible and the story it tells is part of the narrative in which we move, live and construct our identity. It is an authoritative voice we are obliged to consider when deliberating ethically and asking, ‘What shall we do?’ Discerning exactly what role biblical texts should play in contemporary moral discourse is a question that will continue to be negotiated in different ways by various individuals and communities for whom other sources of ethical reflection are also authoritative. Nonetheless, careful and critical examination of the biblical text remains a prerequisite for all who are open to the possibility that this particular source can lead to important insights into contemporary moral problems and questions.”

Education:

A.B., University of California, Davis, 1990
M.Div., Princeton Theological Seminary, 1993
Ph.D., Emory University, 2004.

Writings:

Co-Editor: Contesting Texts: Jews and Christians in Conversation About the Bible
The Discourse of Wealth and Poverty in the Book of Proverbs
Money and the Way of Wisdom

Sample Courses:

Contemporary Hermeneutical Strategies
Wisdom Literature: Ecclesiastes
Bible and Ethics: Immigration

Professor Schneider's research addresses key tensions in contemporary ideas of God.  She seeks language and concepts that better reflect the complexity of historical Christian theology and that more effectively address the real ways in which faith, theology, science, and culture interact in today's world.

Professor Schneider's teaching areas include constructive proposals in theology; feminism and postmodernism; the relationships between theological ideas and social organization; queer theory and its intersections with multicultural feminist and womanist approaches to ethics and theology.  She is dedicated to the development of stronger, more interesting public theology that understands its historical antecedents and that courageously takes on the critical issues of justice in the world today.  Schneider encourages students to use the classroom as a laboratory for bringing their theological insights and passions to voice. "If there is one thing that I hope to convey to students, it is that theology matters in every sense and nuance of the word.  It matters in what we value, in who we understand ourselves to be in community  and it manifests itself in the matter of our very lives together, in our bodies, and in our world.  I want students to feel the fire I feel when I take up the great and exquisitely intimate question of God among us."

Education:

B.A., Dartmouth College, 1983
M.Div., Harvard Divinity School, 1990
M.A., Ph.D., Vanderbilt University, 1994, 1997.

Writings:

Re-Imagining the Divine: Confronting the Backlash Against Feminist Theology
Beyond Monotheism: A Theology of Multiplicity

Audio Recording of April 7, 2013 sermon preached at Harvard Memorial Chapel:

Click here to listen.

Sample Courses:

Constructing a Concept of God
Feminist and Womanist Theologies
Queer Theories and Theologies
Bonhoeffer

Professor Seo's research focuses on theology and contemporary culture, comparative religions and philosophy of religion.  Recent writings have focused on theological interpretations of contemporary cultural phenomena.

“How we understand specific passages of the Bible and the nature of prophecy often depends on how we view the world. Whether we seek to transform or merely to understand the world, we proceed with a prior conception of how the world is or is meant to be.  So being open to and learning from the achievements of other ‘worldly’ disciplines, as it helps us understand today's world, is an important part of how we do theology today.  Also, geographically, the West is no longer the dominant center of Christianity, and the growth of churches in the Third World should be accompanied by a different theological consciousness.  I have come to see the central issue facing today's world as that of domination.  Domination is always based on power, forcing its will, interest and logic unto others. How to speak for the dominated of the world is an important theological question. Theology can longer dwell comfortably in the realm of the sacred. As we are called into the world, our task is to start with the realities of the world.”

Education:

B.A., Drew University, 1987
M.A., University of Chicago, 1989
M.Div., Ph.D., Chicago Theological Seminary, 1993, 2001.

Writings:

Critique of Western Theological Anthropology: Understanding Human Beings in a Third World Context

Sample Courses:

Theologies of the Third World
Cinema and Liberation
Philosophical Thought

Professor Speller’s research interests include American religious history and culture, in addition to the broader area of Church History.  She is particularly interested in 20th century congregational histories with a focus on African American communities.

“A clear understanding of Church history is a necessary foundation for anyone pursuing a vocation in ministry.  It provides a map to be used to chart one’s academic journey through all areas of seminary study.  More than a litany of dates, people and movements, Church history provides lenses through which one can see, understand and interpret theological, ethical and pastoral issues.  It also opens up new vistas and possibilities for connecting one’s Christian faith with social reality and ethical/moral activism. The study of Church History is also a helpful tool in transformative ministry when it is seen in the wider context of religion and culture. It is here that one sees the dynamic interplay between issues of race, class and gender within society and the ways that religious institutions have shaped and been shaped by culture.  Church history is indeed a necessary foundation for religious leaders who are serious about preparing for ‘ministry for the real world.’”

Education:

A.B., Chicago State University, 1982
M.C.E., Garrett-Evangelical Theological Seminary, 1985
M.A., Ph.D., University of Chicago Divinity School, 1991, 1996.

Writings:

Walkin’ the Talk, Keepin’ the Faith: African-centered Spirituality in African American Congregations

Sample Courses:

American Civil Religion
Black Religious Experience in American Culture
Religious Education in a Multicultural Context

Professor Stone, a Lambda Literary Award winner, focuses his research on the relationship between critical theory and biblical interpretation and matters of gender, sexuality, animals, and ecology.

“I always encourage students to question their own assumptions about the content and interpretation of the Bible.  Such a process of questioning need not be destructive, but rather creates opportunities for pursuing a two-fold goal.  On the one hand, we must obtain a thorough knowledge of both the surprising diversity of the biblical writings and their historical and socio-cultural contexts.  On the other hand, we must reflect critically on the difficult process of interpreting and teaching those writings in a manner that will help us transform our own world toward greater justice and mercy.”

Education:

B.A., Lee College, 1984
M. Div., Church of God School of Theology, 1987
Th.M., Harvard Divinity School, 1989
M.A., Ph.D., Vanderbilt University,1992, 1995.

Writings:

Sex, Honor and Power in the Deuteronomistic History
Editor: Queer Commentary and the Hebrew Bible
Practicing Safer Texts: Food, Sex and Bible in Queer Perspective

Sample Courses:

Suffering, Lament, & Human Existence in the Hebrew Bible
Biblical Theology in a Postmodern World
People and Faith in Israel

Professor Terrell is an ordained elder in the Michigan Annual Conference of the African Methodist Episcopal Zion Church.

As an African-American, Christian and Womanist, rooted in the Church, Professor Terrell enjoys exploring the antecedents of her own faith claims.  Her research interests include a focus on Christian origins and their potential for enhancing future developments in black, feminist and womanist theologies on questions of doctrine.  In addition, she enjoys the spiritual benefits of studying the ancient testimonies and sacred texts of other cultures.

“My role as a teacher of ethics and theology is a way of honoring the activist spirit that characterizes my own, and the seminary’s, commitments. I strive to maintain connection between the Academy and the Church, primarily by bringing to bear critical reflection on my experiences in both places, questioning the relevance of each enterprise for people and their complicity in maintaining systems of oppression. Nevertheless, in the tradition of ‘faith in search of understanding’ I am very much for the Church, and celebrate it as an extension of Jesus’ story, a story that has the power to transform our individual and communal lives. My scholarly and ‘preacherly’ vocation is to bring insight from many, many sources to bear on the way I ‘do’ theology. Thus, I appreciate other peoples’ apprehensions of God as they, too, struggle to live in just societies and in spiritual communion.”

Education:

B.A., Rollins College, 1981
M.Div., M.Phil., Ph.D., Union Theological Seminary (NYC), 1990, 1994, 1997.

Writings:

Power in the Blood? The Cross in the African-American Experience

Sample Courses:

Augustine, Niebuhr, & Malcolm X
Womanist and Feminist Christologies
Christian Ethics

After nearly 35 years of ministry, first as a pastor of suburban and urban congregations in Connecticut and Pennsylvania, then as the national ecumenical officer of the United Church of Christ, and finally as its General Minister and

President for ten years, I bring significant experience of the church in various settings and in ecumenical and global contexts.  While each ministry, like politics, may be local, and must be deeply rooted in the life of its particular time and location, each place is always subject to the distortions and idolatries of parochialism in time and space.  Each of my ministries has endeavored to nurture a “catholic” sense of the church’s life, so that wherever we find our primary place of belonging, we know that we are part of something bigger than this place, older than our memory, richer than our understanding, and with a reach of concern far beyond our own front door.   Equipping transformational leaders by helping to situate them in this broadened context is a primary task of theological education and a particular focus of my teaching.

Education:

B.A., Gettysburg College, 1972
M.Div., M.Div., Yale Divinity School, 1975

Writings:

Author of numerous articles and essays on ecumenism and contemporary
American religious life.

The Reverend Susan Brooks Thistlethwaite, Ph.D is Professor of Theology at CTS. She was President of the seminary from 1998-2008. Upon completing two five-year terms as President, she returned to full-time teaching on the seminary faculty.  She has a Ph.D. from Duke University, a Masters of Divinity (Summa Cum Laude) from Duke Divinity School and a B.A. from Smith College. An ordained minister of the United Church of Christ since 1974, she is the author or editor of numerous books and has been a translator for two different translations of the Bible.

Thistlethwaite is currently working in a new area she calls “Public Theology.” She writes a weekly column for the Washington Post “On Faith” online section and is a frequent media commentator on religion and public events.  Her new book, Dreaming of Eden: American Religion and Politics in a Wired World, will be published in October, 2010 by Palgrave-Macmillan.

Her previous works include Interfaith Just Peacemaking: Alternatives to War, edited with Glen Stassen (United States Institute of Peace, 2008), Adam, Eve and the Genome: Theology in Dialogue with the Human Genome

Project (Fortress Press, 2003), Lift Every Voice: Constructing Christian Theologies from the Underside with Mary Potter Engel (Orbis, 1998), Sex, Race and God: Christian Feminism in Black and White (reprinted, 2009), Casting Stones: Prostitution and Liberation in Asia and the United States with Dr. Rita Nakashima Brock (Fortress, 1996) and The New Testament and Psalms: An Inclusive Translation (Oxford University Press, 1995).  Interfaith Just Peacemaking is currently being expanded into a book.

She is a Fellow of the Center for American Progress Faith and Progressive Policy Initiative, and serves as a trustee of Faith in Public Life, and the Interfaith Youth Core.

Education:

B.A. Smith College
M.Div. Duke Divinity School
Ph.D. Duke University

Wrtings:

Interfaith Just Peacemaking: Alternatives to War, edited with Glen Stassen
Adam, Eve and the Genome: Theology in Dialogue with the Human Genome Project
Lift Every Voice: Constructing Christian Theologies from the Underside with Mary Potter Engel
Sex, Race and God: Christian Feminism in Black and White
Casting Stones: Prostitution and Liberation in Asia and the United States with Rita Nakashima Brock
The New Testament and Psalms: An Inclusive Translation
Interfaith Just Peacemaking (is currently being expanded into a book)

Professor Yang’s research deals with the value of using diverse methods and lenses in biblical interpretation.  Her work pays special attention to the convoluted role of biblical interpretation related to the several binary “isms” in our society, which divide people into the superior in-group and the “inferior” other.

Professor Yang’s teaching areas include the Synoptic Gospels, Asian American Biblical Hermeneutics, Biblical Languages, Second Temple Judaism, and the Hebrew Bible.  She believes that a proper use of multiple interpretive methods and lenses will lead the reader in multifaceted ways to hear the essential biblical

call for justice and peace.  From this vantage point, Yang is currently working on a research project that examines the notion of the “other” in the Bible.

“Raised in a society which was nurtured by Confucian wisdom traditions, I believe that the ultimate purpose of learning is to bring peace to the world.  As a Christian, however, I interpret bringing peace to the world from the perspective of establishing the reign of God.  Therefore, for seminarians I explicitly relate biblical studies to Christian life and ministry, while for all other graduate students I relate biblical studies to responsible citizenship and commitment to the betterment of society.”

Education:

B.A., Sogang University, (Korea), 1979
M.A., Sogang University, (Korea), 1983
M.A., Marquette University, 1985
Ph.D., University of Chicago Divinity School, 1992.

Wrtings:

Co-editor: Off the Menu: Asian and Asian North American Women’s Religion and Theology, with Rita Nakashima Brock, Jung Ha Kim, and Kwok Pui Lan.
“Has Jesus Ever Condemned Divorce?” In Rita Nakashima Brock, Jung Ha Kim, Kwok Pui Lan and Seung Ai Yang, Eds.,
Off the Menu: Asian and Asian North American Women’s Theology and Religion
“The World of Creative Love, Justice and Peace.” 
In Bill Brown, ed., Engaging Biblical Authority: Perspectives on the Bible as Scripture

Sample courses:

Interpreting the Gospels
Feminist Theory and Biblical Interpretation
Postcolonial Theory and New Testament Interpretation
Matthew and Boundaries